Public Health

What is diphtheria? Diphtheria is a very contagious and potentially life-threatening bacterial infection that mainly affects the tonsils, throat, nose, and skin. In more serious cases, it can attack the nerves and heart. The bacterium produces a toxin (poison) that is carried in the bloodstream.

Who gets diphtheria and how is it spread?

Anyone who is not immunized against diphtheria can get the disease. Diphtheria is spread to others through close or direct contact with the secretory fluids from an infected person. Diphtheria is also acquired through breathing the bacteria after an infected person coughs or sneezes. It is also thought to be spread by contact with personal items, such as blankets or articles of clothing that were contaminated by a person with diphtheria.

What are the symptoms of diphtheria and when do they start?
There are two types of diphtheria. One type involves the nose and throat, and the other type involves the skin. Early symptoms include a sore throat and a low-grade fever. A membrane that forms over the throat and tonsils can make it hard to swallow. The infection also causes the lymph glands and tissue on both sides of the neck to swell to an unusually large size. When the skin is involved, there may be pustular sores that are painful, swollen, and red, resembling impetigo. Some people can be infected and spread the disease without appearing ill. Symptoms usually appear two to four days after infection.

How long is diphtheria contagious?
Persons with diphtheria who remain untreated are usually contagious for less than two weeks. Although rare, some patients may shed the bacteria for six months or more. When treated with antibiotics, the contagious period can be reduced to less than four days. If diphtheria is not treated, serious complications such as paralysis, heart failure, and blood system disorders may occur.

Is there a vaccine for diphtheria?
Yes. Diphtheria vaccine is usually given in a combination shot with tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine in a shot called DTaP. A child should receive four DTaP shots before 18 months of age, with a booster shot at four to six years of age. After that, a diphtheria and tetanus booster shot (Td) should be given every l0 years throughout life to ensure continued protection. The best way to keep from acquiring diphtheria is to get immunized. Having diphtheria disease does not always protect you from getting it again.

Wyoming Department of Health
2300 Capitol Ave. Cheyenne WY 82002
(307) 777 -7172

(Photo courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)